![]() Examples are instruction register, address register, and program register. Registers are high-speed circuitry areas that temporarily store data during processing and provide working areas for computation. Memory chips are grouped on single-in-line memory modules (SIMMS) – small circuit boards inserted into slots inside the computer and connected to the processor by a bus. Main memory is contained on chips called RAM chips that use CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) technology. ![]() Its contents are temporary and it varies for different computers. RAM (Random Access Memory), a main memory, is a working storage. MPP (Massive Parallel Processing) - executes more than one instructions at a time (parallel), used by supercomputers. Examples of main processors are: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) - found in conventional IBMtype microcomputer RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) - used by Macintosh and many workstations. 1.2.3 The chip is mounted on a carrier with metal leads, or pens, on the system board. It can alternate between “on” and “off” million of times per second. A transistor is an electronic “gate”, or switch, that opens and closes to transmit or stop electrical current. A chip, or microchip, is a tiny piece of silicon that contains thousands of micro-miniature electronic circuit components, mainly transistors. ALU performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of the operations. It directs the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the ALU, and between main memory and the input and output devices. 1.2.2 The Processor: In charge Control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions. The processor works with the main memory (RAM) and registers to turn data into information. Information Systems.RN īit – 0 or 1 Byte – a group of 8 bits it represents a character, digit or other values Kilobyte (KB) – is about 1,000 bytes (more precisely, 1024 bytes) Megabyte (MB) – is about 1 million bytes (more precisely, 1024 kb) Gigabyte (GB) – is about 1 billion bytes (more precisely, 1024 mb) Terabytes (TB) – is about 1 trillion bytes (actually, 1,009,511.627,776 bytes) The PROCESSOR, main memory, and registers 1.2.1 The processor, often called the central processing unit (CPU) – the “brain” of the computer – consists of the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). 1.1.6 How computer capacity is expressed: Bit by Bit Examples are Intel processors, used in most IBM-type PCs Motorola processors, used in Macintoshes and other Apple computers S/370, used in IBM mainframes, Unisys, used in Unisys mainframes. 1.1.5 Machine Language: Your brand of computer’s very own language Machine language is a binary programming language that the computer can run directly. With the letter O (01001111), which has five 1s, the ninth bit would be 1 to make the byte come out even. Thus the ninth bit, would be 0 in order to make the byte come out even. For example, the ASCII letter H (01001000) consists of two 1s. 1.1.4 The Parity Bit: Checking Errors A parity bit, also called a check bit, is an extra bit attached to the end of the byte for purposes of checking for accuracy. Unicode, a subset of ASCII, uses bytes (16 bits) for each character, instead of 1 byte, and can handle 65,536 character combinations rather just 256. ![]() ASCII-8, or extended ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), is the most widely used binary code with microcomputers, uses an 8-bit system, and provides 256 combinations with which to form letters, numbers, and other symbols and letters. 1.1.3 Binary coding schemes EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is commonly used in mainframes. ![]() 1.1.2 A binary system has only two digits, 0 and 1: where 0 means absence of (or low) electricity and 1 is presence of (high) electricity. Parity-bit schemes are used to check the accuracy. Two common binary schemes are ASCII8 and EBCDIC. Capacity of a computer is expressed in bits, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. Information Systems.RNĭata and programs representations in the computer 1.1.1 Computers use the two-state, O/I binary system to represent data in the form of machine language. ![]()
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